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Chapter 49. CASE STUDY
Student Samples of
Case Studies ---
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Introduction
The samples below are papers by students, unless specifically noted.
They are examples of "A" level undergraduate writing or entry-level
professional work. To get a better idea of how this type of paper is
written, you will want to look at all the samples. Then compare the
samples to each other and to what the "Basics"
part of this chapter says.
The authors of all sample student papers in this
Web site have given their permission in writing to have their work included in
WritingforCollege.org. All samples remain copyrighted by their
original authors. Other than showing it on this website, none should be
used without the explicit permission of the author.
If you do not have time to read every sample
below, word for word, then use a form of skim reading: read the entire
introduction and conclusion paragraph of a sample, and then read just the
first and last sentence of all the other paragraphs in the sample. This
method of skimming often provides an understanding of the basic contents and
of the paper's form or structure. Another method of faster reading is to
choose just one or two of the samples that are most like the paper you will be
required to write; then read, either fully or using skim reading as described
here.
Unless otherwise noted, sample papers do not
necessarily meet all requirements an individual instructor or professional
supervisor may have: ask your instructor or supervisor. In addition, the
samples single spaced to save room; however, a proper manuscript given to an
instructor or supervisor normally should be double spaced with margins set at
or close to 1" unless another format has been requested.
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Sample One: Basic Psychiatric Case Study |
SPECIAL NOTES: This sample case study uses the
"Patient-Symptoms-Plan" structure of organization and is a type of paper meant
more for reporting on or studying an individual patient or client. It is
written in APA style and is modeled after a fictional episode--with names
changed and all actual dialogue from the show removed--on the once-popular
television drama ER.
The structure this paper uses is
Brief Introduction
PATIENT/CLIENT
SYMPTOMS/PROBLEM(S) & DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT PLAN (Components, Applicaton, Results/Prognosis)
Brief Conclusion
---
Laleh Yaghoubi
EngC 3014 - Jewell
Section 10
Case Study Draft III
Case study: Erectile dysfunction from torture
by Laleh Yaghoubi
The following is a case study of a
male client, Mubilajeh, suffering from a sexual disorder (impotence).
Erectile disorder, the inability to have an erection or maintain one, is
currently the most common sexual disorder among men (Hyde 468). One result
of erectile disorder is that the man cannot engage in sexual intercourse.
For many men, including this individual, psychological reactions to erectile
disorder may be severe: embarrassment, depression, and anxiety. The client
was diagnosed and given an assessment with the goal of determining the factors.
Through a process of discovery, the client's history finally revealed that the
impotence was actually a result of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) caused
by a past experience. People with PTSD fear re-experiencing a traumatic
event and sometimes are unable to remember certain aspects (Barlow 138).
However, through psychoanalytic therapy, this client illustrates a successful
recovery.
Patient
This section presents a brief
patient assessment, including a case history of the client considered in the study. Mubilajeh, thin proportioned and nearly seven feet tall, is a thirty-year-old
African male originally from
Nigeria. He is a peaceful and proud African man. He has been married
to his wife, Zhane, for nine years, and they hope to have children very soon.
At the age of fourteen,
Mubilajeh's father passed away, which left his mother alone to raise six
children. Mubilajeh was the oldest of the six children. After his
father's death, Mubilajeh felt obligated as "man of the house" to
financially support his family. These difficult times forced him to quit
school, and he found a full-time job at a neighborhood library. Mubilajeh
had always been an excellent student in school; he especially missed writing his
creative stories. Mubilajeh found his job extremely boring; therefore, he
kept himself occupied reading anything he found interesting in the library to
pass time. Mubilajeh returned back to school when his brothers were old
enough to work and help financially support the rest of the family. This
allowed all three of them to work and attend school. Mubilajeh eagerly
continued and completed his education at a local university.
In
Nigeria, Mubilajeh became a well-known professional writer and an engineer. He
later published a very controversial story that stirred considerable political debate. The Nigerian government felt
the story could provide a
cause for starting a revolution and threatened Mubilajeh, so he and his wife escaped to the
United States. They moved to
Philadelphia
approximately four years ago and live in a one-bedroom apartment a mile from
Mubilajeh's place of employment. Mubilajeh is a hard-working janitor in
the emergency services department at
St. John's
hospital.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
This section presents a
description of the Mubilajeh's problems and their diagnosis. His complaints presented a list of symptoms
associated with a particular kind of sexual disorder, erectile dysfunction
(impotence). This has been a very embarrassing and stressful problem for
him and has put a strain on his relationship with his wife, Zhane. Zhane
has been sympathetic but she is very worried about him.
Mubilajeh was feeling sharp pains
in his lower back and proceeded to see a doctor at his place of work.
During his medical office examination, the attending physician, Dr. Dahl, noticed twenty enormous burn scars all over Mubilajeh's back. Though
healed through time, the scars still felt rough like the bark of a tree.
Dr. Dahl asked Mubilajeh, "How did you get those?" However,
Mubilajeh didn't want to talk about it. 'We don't have to talk about it,
but I am rather concerned about that possible hernia," replied Dr. Dahl.
After x-rays and further tests Dr. Dahl revisited with Mubilajeh and determined
that surgery was urgently necessary.
After Mubilajeh's surgery, Dr.
Dahl reported the successful results to Zhane. Dr. Dahl, concerned about
further possible problems with Mubilajeh's health, asked Zhane how Mubilajeh got
the severe scars on his back. Zhane explained that due to the
controversial story that Mubilajeh published, a group of soldiers came to their
house and captured him. That same night, the soldiers returned and raped
Zhane. After several weeks the soldiers released Mubilajeh. Barely
alive, he finally returned home. He had broken bones, severe burns, and
bruises. Zhane explained that she never told Mubilajeh of her rape by the
soldiers. Also, Zhane volunteered to share that she and Mubilajeh had been
experiencing intimacy problems. During his routine patient check-up, Dr. Dahl
consulted with Mubilajeh about the information Zhane had shared with him.
Mubilajeh confessed that he had been experiencing impotency.
During a standard room
check/preparation one day, Nurse Elliot walked in and found Mubilajeh in the
comer of an examination room. The room was in disarray. Mubilajeh had
blood all over his hands and shirt. Nurse Elliot not only found surgical
scissors in his hands, but also saw Zhane lying unconscious on the floor in
front of him. Security was called and Mubilajeh was arrested. When
Zhane finally became conscious from her coma, she explained that after
shamefully confessing to Mubilajeh of her rape, she repeatedly struck herself
with the surgical scissors. Mubilajeh was only trying to stop her.
"He felt responsible for what happened to me. I felt ashamed, like I
could never please him again," stated Zhane. Mubilajeh was temporarily
released.
Due to illegal entry into
the
United States
, the immigration office demanded to hear Mubilajeh's whole story in court.
Otherwise, Mubilajeh and his wife would be forced to leave the country.
However, Mubilajeh could not remember anything from the incident. It was
diagnosed that Mubilajeh was suffering from a posttraumatic stress disorder.
Plan
This section presents the
treatment plan that was used for dealing with the client's problem. Also,
this section will describe the results and outcome of how that process was
applied. This plan took into consideration the severity of Mubilajeh's
disorder with regard to his resistance to treatment.
COMPONENTS [Type of Therapy
Chosen
]
From a psychological point of
view, most clinicians agree that victims of PTSD should face the original trauma
in order to develop effective coping procedures and thus overcome the
debilitating effects of the disorder. In psychoanalytic therapy, reliving
emotional trauma to relieve emotional suffering is called catharsis
(Barlow 144). The trick, of course, is in arranging the re-exposure so
that it will be therapeutic rather than traumatic once again. A traumatic
event is difficult to recreate, and very few therapists want to try.
Therefore, imaginal exposure, in which the content of the trauma and the
emotions involved with it are worked through systematically, may be used.
Another complication is that
trauma victims often repress their memories of the event. This happens
automatically and unconsciously. On occasion, with treatment, the memories
flood back and the patient very dramatically relives the episode. Although
this may be very frightening to both patient and therapist, it is therapeutic if
handled appropriately.
APPLICATION [of Therapy to This Patient]
Given Mubilajeh's resistance to
seek professional help, Dr. Dahl attempted to find another strategy for
treatment. Mubilajeh was still reluctant to seek psychological therapy,
but he was beginning to feel more comfortable discussing his problems with Dr.
Dahl. As a result, Dr. Dahl spontaneously decided to share a personal
experience with Mubilajeh in which he suffered memory loss caused by PTSD from a
traumatic incident.
He explained the gruesome details
of a viscous attack. "Afterwards, all I could think of was 'why
didn't I do anything?"' explained Dr. Dahl. "You can't . . .you can't
do anything. You're helpless," replied Mubilajeh. All of a
sudden, Mubilajeh remembered what happened to him. He recalled his eyes
tightly blindfolded, the unbearable smell of smoke, the excruciating pain of
being hung by his hands, and the metal irons burning into his skin. He
hopelessly wondered if he would ever taste Zhane's sweet lips again or smell the
scent of her perfume.
Results/Outcome
This section presents the results
of the treatment plan used in the study. After hearing all of the details,
the courts agreed to allow Mubilajeh and Zhane to remain in the
United States
. Due to the psychoanalytic therapy process used by Dr. Dahl, our
diagnosis of Mubilajeh's PTSD showed itself to be valid. Dr. Dahl's strategy was
successful and Mubilajeh was able to remember the details of his traumatic
experience.
Cognitive, Behavioral and Couple
Therapy later used in the treatment process also provided successful results.
Mubilajeh learned to overcome the fear and horror of his past traumatic
experience. The anxiety caused by these emotions was gradually overcome,
as was the sexual disorder.
Conclusion
The author hopes that the case
study presented here has communicated some of the issues and concerns associated
with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The author also hopes to show the
damaging effects that patients may suffer as a result of this disorder.
Such individuals are often doubly handicapped. Our hypothesis that
Mubilajeh's sexual disorder was actually a result of PTSD caused by a past
experience proved to be valid. Mubilajeh was not only suffering from severe
psychological problems caused by PTSD, but psychological problems from his
sexual disorder as well. With a helpful, caring doctor and a therapeutic
treatment program he was able successfully recover.
References
Barlow, D., & Durand, M. (1999).
Abnormal Psychology: Anxiety
Disorders (pp. 138-144). New York: State University of New York.
Hyde, J., & DeLarnater,
I. (1997). Understanding Human Sexuality:
Sexual Disorders (pp. 468-49 1). Madison: University of Wisconsin.
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Return to top.
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Sample Two: Social Sciences Questionnaire Survey Research
Paper |
SPECIAL NOTES: This paper is written in APA style.
It was written as a final research paper for two classes at once: advanced
composition and a sociology class. It is an excellent example of
junior-level introductory social sciences writing using original research with
a survey-and-interview methodology. The structure this paper uses is
Brief Introduction
BACKGROUND
PRESENT STUDY (Sample, Instrument, Analysis)
FINDINGS
CONCLUSIONS
Brief Conclusion
Regarding APA bibliographies, in some versions of
APA style, hanging indents are used; while in others, paragraph indents are
used. This paper uses paragraph indents as requested by the companion
sociology instructor.
---
University of Minnesota
EngC 3014 -- Jewell
Final "Interview" Research Paper
Copyright Christine Hetcher
Women and Beauty
Magazines
by Christine Hetcher
Beauty magazines, such as
Cosmopolitan, Glamour, and Marie Claire,
are widely read by women throughout
America
.
What do women actually think of these magazines?
Do they feel the magazines are helpful, degrading, or simply something to
read? This paper is a survey
interview to determine what women in their late teens and early twenties think
about beauty magazines in
America
today.
The purpose of this study is to determine whether women like or dislike
beauty magazines, why they like or dislike them, and how frequently women read
beauty magazines.
Background
This section reviews the previous studies conducted on the
effects of women’s magazines.
Magazines specifically written for women have been in circulation for over sixty
years, discussing whatever issues were relevant to women at the time (Moskowitz,
1996).
Some of the earlier magazines focused on a war-time rebellion of
feminism. Moskowitz (1996) conducted
a study about the effects of war-time magazines and said, “Women’s magazines of
the Cold War era remain symbols of antifeminism” (p. 66).
Moskowitz (1996) found that many women liked the articles because many
magazines discussed important issues to them, such as stress, emotionalism, and
feminism (p.66). Moskowitz (1996)
said, “recognition of emotional tension was common for women’s magazines”
(p.67). This recognition “presented a
whole new genre of articles that gave housewives the freedom to interpret their
own states of mind” (Moskowitz, 1996, p. 74).
This freedom was an important issue of the early thirties and forties.
Today, most women’s magazines focus on five basic
concepts: health, career, personal well-being, fashion, and, of course, sex.
Some articles from a recent
Cosmopolitan were “Freaky Flow? Your
Most Pressing Period Problems Ever,” “Cosmo’s
Hot New Sex Position,” and “Ten
Hollywood Haircuts to Copy Right Now” (Beland, Gotthardt, & Kemp, 1999, p.
250-278). Such cover stories would
have been shocking in the conservative war era sixty years ago, but are now
expected in the liberal nineties.
Only recently have
psychologists and women’s studies enthusiasts begun to wonder what effects
magazines with such articles may have on women.
McCracken (1993) found that some women enjoy reading these articles
because they “like to imagine that they can be like the women in the magazine --
beautiful, successful, etc.” (p. 6).
Other women read beauty magazines simply for entertainment.
One woman stated, “[The articles] are fun to laugh at because they are so
far-fetched,” while another said, “I like to look at the fashions even though no
one I know dresses like that and I know I never could” (McCracken, 1993, p. 7).
Other women read the magazines because they feel that the advice is helpful and
informative (McCracken, 1993, p. 6).
McCracken (1993) stated, “Many readers experience a pseudo sense of community;
the advice columns aid them with their problems and help assure them that other
women experience similar difficulties (p. 6).
While some women find beauty magazines entertaining and
helpful, others find them appalling and degrading.
McCracken (1993) stated, “Disillusionment can occur when the magazine’s ideal
world does not correspond to real life” (p.7).
The contents of beauty magazines offend some women because the magazines
“encourage insecurities, heighten gender stereotypes, and urge redefining
definitions of self-through consumer goods” (McCracken, 1993, p. 9).
Although much research has been done on women’s opinions
of beauty magazines, the results have been inconclusive as to whether more women
like the magazines and read them regularly or whether more women dislike the
magazines and never read them.
In the research reported here, I interviewed young women in order to determine
which factors cause the opposing viewpoints of liking or disliking beauty
magazines.
I attempted to discover why women chose to read or refused to read these
magazines. I expected to find a higher
percentage of women who liked beauty magazines and regularly read them than
those who disliked beauty magazines and never read them.
Present Study
The next section discusses the present study.
It explains how the sample was chosen, describes the instrument used, and
analyzes the results. This study
focused on young women’s opinions of popular women’s magazines and why women
liked to read them or refused to read them.
SAMPLE
The sample used for this study consisted of twenty young
women between the ages of nineteen to twenty-five.
The women interviewed were randomly selected from students attending the
University of
Minnesota
at
noon on three separate days: Monday, Tuesday, and Thursday.
The students filled out questionnaires distributed to them while they were
engaging in various activities. The
activities they were engaging in were either sitting in Coffman Union, walking
on campus, waiting for a bus, studying at a library, eating lunch, playing a
sport on the lawn, or waiting for a class.
First, the women were asked if they were between the ages of nineteen to
twenty-five.
If they fit the age group, then they were asked to immediately answer a
questionnaire and return it to me upon completion.
INSTRUMENT
The instrument used was a questionnaire consisting of six
questions.
The six questions focused on how often the women read beauty magazines,
what they thought of the contents, on what they thought the magazines should
change or increase focus, how
beneficial the magazines were to them, how often they take the advice given in
the magazines, and which magazines (if any) was their favorite including the
reason why it was their favorite.
The format of the questions consisted of both a nominal scale and an ordinal
scale of answers according to their responses.
The following are the questions from the questionnaire
administered:
QUESTIONNAIRE
1.
How many times per month do you read beauty magazines?
3 or more,
2, 1,
Less than 1, Never
2. How do you feel
about the contents of beauty magazines?
Strongly approve Approve,
Neutral or no opinion, Disapprove,
Strongly disapprove
3. Which are do you
think beauty magazines should emphasize more?
Nothing (magazines put good emphasis on all areas),
Health, Sex, Career,
Fashion, Personal well being,
No opinion
4. How beneficial do
you think beauty magazines are?
Very beneficial,
Slightly beneficial, Not at all
beneficial,
Slightly harmful,
Very harmful, No opinion
5. How often do you
take the advice or tips given in beauty magazines?
Very often, Frequently,
Rarely,
Never, No opinion
6. Which beauty
magazine is your favorite?
Cosmopolitan, Vogue,
Elle, Marie Claire,
Glamour,
None
Why?
_________________________________
_________________________________
ANALYSIS
In order to determine the results of this study, the
answers were tabulated and then statistically computed.
This computation found the relative frequency, or the percentages, of each
response to each question.
Here are the relative frequency charts and histograms for
each question:
1.
Frequency and
Relative Frequency of Times Beauty Magazines were read per month:
|
|
Frequency
|
Rel. Freq.
|
|
Never
|
6
|
0.30
|
|
less than one
|
0
|
0.00
|
|
1
|
5
|
0.25
|
|
2
|
6
|
0.30
|
|
3 or more
|
3
|
0.15
|
|
Total
|
20
|
1.00
|
2.
Frequency and Relative Frequency of Opinion of Contents of Beauty Magazines:
|
|
Frequency
|
Rel. Freq.
|
|
strongly approve
|
4
|
0.20
|
|
approve
|
9
|
0.45
|
|
neutral (no opinion)
|
3
|
0.15
|
|
disapprove
|
1
|
0.05
|
|
strongly disapprove
|
3
|
0.15
|
|
Total
|
20
|
1.00
|
3.
Frequency and
Relative Frequency of Opinion of Contents of Beauty Magazines:
|
|
Frequency
|
Rel. Freq.
|
|
nothing
|
5
|
0.25
|
|
health
|
2
|
0.10
|
|
sex
|
3
|
0.15
|
|
career
|
2
|
0.10
|
|
fashion
|
2
|
0.10
|
|
personal well being
|
3
|
0.15
|
|
neutral (no opinion)
|
3
|
0.15
|
|
Total
|
20
|
1.00
|
4.
Frequency and Relative Frequency of Opinion of Benefit of
Magazines:
|
|
Frequency
|
Rel. Freq.
|
|
very beneficial
|
3
|
0.15
|
|
slightly beneficial
|
8
|
0.40
|
|
not beneficial
|
2
|
0.10
|
|
slightly harmful
|
1
|
0.05
|
|
harmful
|
3
|
0.15
|
|
neutral (no opinion)
|
3
|
0.15
|
|
Total
|
20
|
1.00
|
5.
Frequency and
Relative Frequency of Advice Taken
from Magazines:
|
|
Frequency
|
Rel. Freq.
|
|
very frequently
|
2
|
0.10
|
|
frequently
|
7
|
0.35
|
|
rarely
|
4
|
0.20
|
|
never
|
4
|
0.20
|
|
neutral (no opinion)
|
3
|
0.15
|
|
Total
|
20
|
1.00
|
6.
Frequency and Relative Frequency of Favorite Magazines:
|
|
Frequency
|
Rel. Freq.
|
|
Cosmopolitan
|
8
|
0.40
|
|
Glamour
|
4
|
0.20
|
|
Vogue
|
1
|
0.05
|
|
Marie Claire
|
1
|
0.05
|
|
Elle
|
0
|
0.00
|
|
no favorite
|
3
|
0.15
|
|
don't read beauty mag.s
|
3
|
0.15
|
|
Total
|
20
|
1.00
|
The responses to the “Why” portion of question six will
not be listed here due to the fact that they are personally written responses.
Findings
This section examines and discusses the results to the
questionnaire.
In order to effectively understand the information found through the
results, this section is broken into six categories in accordance with the six
questions from the questionnaire.
These six categories are how frequently the magazines are read by women in this
age group, the opinions of the contents of the magazines, the opinions of which
areas should be emphasized more by the magazines, how frequently women take
advice from the magazines, the opinions of the beneficiallity of magazines, and
finally, which magazine was listed as the common favorite and why.
FREQUENCY OF READING MAGAZINES
The first area of the results is how frequently the women
surveyed read beauty magazines. The results to this area found that most women
(55%) read the magazines once or twice a month.
When the results are broken down according to each response they show that 15%
of the women interviewed read beauty magazines three times a month or more, 30%
read them twice a month, 25% read them once a month, and 00 % read them less
than once a month. 30% of women
surveyed never read beauty magazines.
.OPINIONS
OF THE CONTENTS
The second area of the results is the women’s opinions of
the contents of beauty magazines.
The results to this area found that most women interviewed (65%) either approved
or strongly approved of the contents.
These results broken down show that
20% strongly approved, 45% approved, 15% were neutral or had no opinion, 5%
disapproved, and 15% greatly disapproved.
AREAS NEEDING MORE EMPHASIS
The third area of results is which areas the women felt
needed more emphasis. Overall, most
women (60%) felt that one area needed more emphasis, but the results differed as
to which area should be emphasized.
While 25% felt nothing should be changed, 10% felt the magazines should put more
emphasis on health, 15% felt the magazines should put more emphasis on sex, 10%
felt the magazines should put more emphasis on career, 10% felt the magazines
should put more emphasis on fashion, and 15% felt the magazines should put more
emphasis on personal well-being. 15%
of the women interviewed had no opinion.
FREQUENCY OF ADVICE TAKEN
The fourth area of results is how often women take the
advice given in beauty magazines.
Most women (45%) frequently or very frequently took advice from beauty
magazines.
The results show that 10% of women interviewed take the advice given in
magazines very frequently and 35% take it frequently.
However, 20% of women interviewed rarely take the advice given and 20%
never take it. 15% of the women
interviewed were neutral or had no opinion.
BENEFIT
The fifth area of results is how beneficial women
interviewed felt beauty magazines are.
While most women (55%) felt the magazines are either very beneficial (10%) or
slightly beneficial (40%), other women felt the magazines are at least slightly
harmful (5%) or harmful (15%). In
this area of results, 15% of women interviewed were neutral or had no opinion.
FAVORITE MAGAZINE
The final area of results to this study is which magazine
women choose as their favorite and why.
Most women interviewed choose Cosmopolitan
as their favorite (40%) with Glamour
a distant second (20%). Both
Vogue
and Marie Claire
received 5% of the votes each, and no one choose
Elle as their favorite.
15% of the women interviewed did not have a favorite beauty magazine and
15% did not read beauty magazines.
Summarized Conclusions
This section provides a summary of the results found with
final conclusions about these results. The findings of this study show that most
women (70%) read beauty magazines often (once a month or more) and were
supportive of the contents of the magazines (65%).
Most women (60%) felt the magazine should put more emphasis on one certain area,
but differed as to which area. Only
(25%) felt the magazines had a good balance of topic emphasis.
The reason most women gave for choosing Cosmopolitan as their
favorite was because it was “very hip” and “not afraid to discuss important
topics to women.” Also, most women
(55%) felt that the magazines were helpful to their daily life and frequently
used the advice found in the magazines (45%).
The results to this study lead to the conclusion that,
despite the fact that beauty magazines may seem frivolous to some, young women
of today use them as types of survival guides.
Women
look to them for advice in their careers, health, personal well-being,
fashion styles, and sex-lives. Examining these results shows that women consider
beauty magazines as they would consider a
friend; they go to them for advice, new ideas, and health tips.
These results can be
interpreted in two ways. The first
interpretation is that the magazines are a benefit to women because they give
them guidance and allow them to feel more secure in their lives.
The second interpretation is that women are so concerned with what is in
“vogue” that they feel they need to consult a magazine to guide them.
This poses an interesting question that will lead to another survey to
determine how dependent women are upon these magazines.
This survey interview asked young women about their
opinions towards beauty magazines.
The purpose of this study was to determine why women like or dislike beauty
magazines and how frequently women read beauty magazines.
The results to this study supported the original hypothesis that a higher
percentage of women like beauty magazines and read regularly read them than the
percentage of women that disliked the magazines and refused to read them.
The results lead to the interpretation that beauty magazines are well
liked among women in the age group of nineteen to twenty-five because they
contain many topics found interesting by these women and because they offer
beneficial advice and tips.
-----
References
Beland, N. (1999). Ten
Hollywood haircuts to copy right now. Cosmopolitan, 226(4),
242-244.
Gotthardt, M. (199). Killer cramps?
Freaky flow? Cosmopolitan, 226(4), 250-254.
Klemp, K. (1999). Introducing Cosmo’s hot new sex position.
Cosmopolitan, 226(4), 208-212.
McCracken, E. (1993). Decoding women’s magazines from
Mademoiselle to Ms.
New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Moskowitz, E. (1996). It’s good to blow your top. Journal of
Women’s History, 8(3), 66-77.
-----
Additional Sources
Barell, J. (1988). The business of women’s magazines.
London: Kogan Page.
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