Chapter 49. CASE STUDY Student Samples of Case Studies --- Sample One: Basic Psychiatric Case Study   Sample Two: Social Sciences Questionnaire Survey Research Paper --- Introduction The samples below are papers by students, unless specifically noted.  They are examples of "A" level undergraduate writing or entry-level professional work.  To get a better idea of how this type of paper is written, you will want to look at all the samples.  Then compare the samples to each other and to what the "Basics" part of this chapter says.     The authors of all sample student papers in this Web site have given their permission in writing to have their work included in WritingforCollege.org.  All samples remain copyrighted by their original authors.  Other than showing it on this website, none should be used without the explicit permission of the author. If you do not have time to read every sample below, word for word, then use a form of skim reading: read the entire introduction and conclusion paragraph of a sample, and then read just the first and last sentence of all the other paragraphs in the sample.  This method of skimming often provides an understanding of the basic contents and of the paper's form or structure.  Another method of faster reading is to choose just one or two of the samples that are most like the paper you will be required to write; then read, either fully or using skim reading as described here. Unless otherwise noted, sample papers do not necessarily meet all requirements an individual instructor or professional supervisor may have: ask your instructor or supervisor.  In addition, the samples single spaced to save room; however, a proper manuscript given to an instructor or supervisor normally should be double spaced with margins set at or close to 1" unless another format has been requested.    Sample One: Basic Psychiatric Case Study SPECIAL NOTES: This sample case study uses the "Patient-Symptoms-Plan" structure of organization and is a type of paper meant more for reporting on or studying an individual patient or client.  It is written in APA style and is modeled after a fictional episode--with names changed and all actual dialogue from the show removed--on the once-popular television drama ER.    The structure this paper uses is Brief Introduction PATIENT/CLIENT SYMPTOMS/PROBLEM(S) & DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT PLAN (Components, Applicaton, Results/Prognosis) Brief Conclusion  --- Laleh Yaghoubi EngC 3014 - Jewell Section 10 Case Study Draft III Case study: Erectile dysfunction from torture by Laleh Yaghoubi         The following is a case study of a male client, Mubilajeh, suffering from a sexual disorder (impotence).  Erectile disorder, the inability to have an erection or maintain one, is currently the most common sexual disorder among men (Hyde 468).  One result of erectile disorder is that the man cannot engage in sexual intercourse.  For many men, including this individual, psychological reactions to erectile disorder may be severe: embarrassment, depression, and anxiety.  The client was diagnosed and given an assessment with the goal of determining the factors.  Through a process of discovery, the client's history finally revealed that the impotence was actually a result of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) caused by a past experience.  People with PTSD fear re-experiencing a traumatic event and sometimes are unable to remember certain aspects (Barlow 138). However, through psychoanalytic therapy, this client illustrates a successful recovery.    Patient         This section presents a brief patient assessment, including a case history of the client considered in the study.  Mubilajeh, thin proportioned and nearly seven feet tall, is a thirty-year-old African male originally from Nigeria.  He is a peaceful and proud African man.  He has been married to his wife, Zhane, for nine years, and they hope to have children very soon.         At the age of fourteen, Mubilajeh's father passed away, which left his mother alone to raise six children.  Mubilajeh was the oldest of the six children.  After his father's death, Mubilajeh felt obligated as "man of the house" to financially support his family.  These difficult times forced him to quit school, and he found a full-time job at a neighborhood library.  Mubilajeh had always been an excellent student in school; he especially missed writing his creative stories.  Mubilajeh found his job extremely boring; therefore, he kept himself occupied reading anything he found interesting in the library to pass time.  Mubilajeh returned back to school when his brothers were old enough to work and help financially support the rest of the family.  This allowed all three of them to work and attend school.  Mubilajeh eagerly continued and completed his education at a local university.         In Nigeria, Mubilajeh became a well-known professional writer and an engineer.  He later published a very controversial story that stirred considerable political debate.  The Nigerian government felt the story could provide a cause for starting a revolution and threatened Mubilajeh, so he and his wife escaped to the United States.  They moved to Philadelphia approximately four years ago and live in a one-bedroom apartment a mile from Mubilajeh's place of employment.  Mubilajeh is a hard-working janitor in the emergency services department at St. John's hospital. Symptoms and Diagnosis         This section presents a description of the Mubilajeh's problems and their diagnosis.  His complaints presented a list of symptoms associated with a particular kind of sexual disorder, erectile dysfunction (impotence).  This has been a very embarrassing and stressful problem for him and has put a strain on his relationship with his wife, Zhane.  Zhane has been sympathetic but she is very worried about him.         Mubilajeh was feeling sharp pains in his lower back and proceeded to see a doctor at his place of work.  During his medical office examination, the attending physician, Dr. Dahl, noticed twenty enormous burn scars all over Mubilajeh's back.  Though healed through time, the scars still felt rough like the bark of a tree.  Dr. Dahl asked Mubilajeh, "How did you get those?"  However, Mubilajeh didn't want to talk about it.  'We don't have to talk about it, but I am rather concerned about that possible hernia," replied Dr. Dahl.  After x-rays and further tests Dr. Dahl revisited with Mubilajeh and determined that surgery was urgently necessary.         After Mubilajeh's surgery, Dr. Dahl reported the successful results to Zhane.  Dr. Dahl, concerned about further possible problems with Mubilajeh's health, asked Zhane how Mubilajeh got the severe scars on his back.  Zhane explained that due to the controversial story that Mubilajeh published, a group of soldiers came to their house and captured him.  That same night, the soldiers returned and raped Zhane.  After several weeks the soldiers released Mubilajeh.  Barely alive, he finally returned home.  He had broken bones, severe burns, and bruises.  Zhane explained that she never told Mubilajeh of her rape by the soldiers.  Also, Zhane volunteered to share that she and Mubilajeh had been experiencing intimacy problems. During his routine patient check-up, Dr. Dahl consulted with Mubilajeh about the information Zhane had shared with him.  Mubilajeh confessed that he had been experiencing impotency.         During a standard room check/preparation one day, Nurse Elliot walked in and found Mubilajeh in the comer of an examination room.  The room was in disarray. Mubilajeh had blood all over his hands and shirt. Nurse Elliot not only found surgical scissors in his hands, but also saw Zhane lying unconscious on the floor in front of him.  Security was called and Mubilajeh was arrested.  When Zhane finally became conscious from her coma, she explained that after shamefully confessing to Mubilajeh of her rape, she repeatedly struck herself with the surgical scissors.  Mubilajeh was only trying to stop her.  "He felt responsible for what happened to me.  I felt ashamed, like I could never please him again," stated Zhane. Mubilajeh was temporarily released.          Due to illegal entry into the United States , the immigration office demanded to hear Mubilajeh's whole story in court. Otherwise, Mubilajeh and his wife would be forced to leave the country.  However, Mubilajeh could not remember anything from the incident.  It was diagnosed that Mubilajeh was suffering from a posttraumatic stress disorder.    Plan         This section presents the treatment plan that was used for dealing with the client's problem.  Also, this section will describe the results and outcome of how that process was applied.  This plan took into consideration the severity of Mubilajeh's disorder with regard to his resistance to treatment. COMPONENTS [Type of Therapy Chosen ]         From a psychological point of view, most clinicians agree that victims of PTSD should face the original trauma in order to develop effective coping procedures and thus overcome the debilitating effects of the disorder.  In psychoanalytic therapy, reliving emotional trauma to relieve emotional suffering is called catharsis (Barlow 144).  The trick, of course, is in arranging the re-exposure so that it will be therapeutic rather than traumatic once again.  A traumatic event is difficult to recreate, and very few therapists want to try.  Therefore, imaginal exposure, in which the content of the trauma and the emotions involved with it are worked through systematically, may be used.         Another complication is that trauma victims often repress their memories of the event.  This happens automatically and unconsciously.  On occasion, with treatment, the memories flood back and the patient very dramatically relives the episode.  Although this may be very frightening to both patient and therapist, it is therapeutic if handled appropriately. APPLICATION [of Therapy to This Patient]         Given Mubilajeh's resistance to seek professional help, Dr. Dahl attempted to find another strategy for treatment.  Mubilajeh was still reluctant to seek psychological therapy, but he was beginning to feel more comfortable discussing his problems with Dr. Dahl.  As a result, Dr. Dahl spontaneously decided to share a personal experience with Mubilajeh in which he suffered memory loss caused by PTSD from a traumatic incident.         He explained the gruesome details of a viscous attack.  "Afterwards, all I could think of was 'why didn't I do anything?"' explained Dr. Dahl. "You can't . . .you can't do anything.  You're helpless," replied Mubilajeh.  All of a sudden, Mubilajeh remembered what happened to him.  He recalled his eyes tightly blindfolded, the unbearable smell of smoke, the excruciating pain of being hung by his hands, and the metal irons burning into his skin.  He hopelessly wondered if he would ever taste Zhane's sweet lips again or smell the scent of her perfume. Results/Outcome         This section presents the results of the treatment plan used in the study.  After hearing all of the details, the courts agreed to allow Mubilajeh and Zhane to remain in the United States .  Due to the psychoanalytic therapy process used by Dr. Dahl, our diagnosis of Mubilajeh's PTSD showed itself to be valid. Dr. Dahl's strategy was successful and Mubilajeh was able to remember the details of his traumatic experience.           Cognitive, Behavioral and Couple Therapy later used in the treatment process also provided successful results.  Mubilajeh learned to overcome the fear and horror of his past traumatic experience.  The anxiety caused by these emotions was gradually overcome, as was the sexual disorder. Conclusion         The author hopes that the case study presented here has communicated some of the issues and concerns associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.  The author also hopes to show the damaging effects that patients may suffer as a result of this disorder.  Such individuals are often doubly handicapped.  Our hypothesis that Mubilajeh's sexual disorder was actually a result of PTSD caused by a past experience proved to be valid. Mubilajeh was not only suffering from severe psychological problems caused by PTSD, but psychological problems from his sexual disorder as well. With a helpful, caring doctor and a therapeutic treatment program he was able successfully recover. References         Barlow, D., & Durand, M. (1999). Abnormal Psychology: Anxiety Disorders (pp. 138-144).  New York: State University of New York.         Hyde, J., & DeLarnater, I. (1997). Understanding Human Sexuality: Sexual Disorders (pp. 468-49 1). Madison: University of Wisconsin. --- Return to top.              Sample Two: Social Sciences Questionnaire Survey Research Paper SPECIAL NOTES: This paper is written in APA style.  It was written as a final research paper for two classes at once: advanced composition and a sociology class.  It is an excellent example of junior-level introductory social sciences writing using original research with a survey-and-interview methodology.  The structure this paper uses is Brief Introduction BACKGROUND PRESENT STUDY (Sample, Instrument, Analysis) FINDINGS CONCLUSIONS Brief Conclusion  Regarding APA bibliographies, in some versions of APA style, hanging indents are used; while in others, paragraph indents are used.  This paper uses paragraph indents as requested by the companion sociology instructor. --- University of Minnesota EngC 3014 -- Jewell Final "Interview" Research Paper Copyright Christine Hetcher Women and Beauty Magazines by Christine Hetcher             Beauty magazines, such as Cosmopolitan, Glamour, and Marie Claire, are widely read by women throughout America .  What do women actually think of these magazines?  Do they feel the magazines are helpful, degrading, or simply something to read?  This paper is a survey interview to determine what women in their late teens and early twenties think about beauty magazines in America today.  The purpose of this study is to determine whether women like or dislike beauty magazines, why they like or dislike them, and how frequently women read beauty magazines. Background             This section reviews the previous studies conducted on the effects of women’s magazines.  Magazines specifically written for women have been in circulation for over sixty years, discussing whatever issues were relevant to women at the time (Moskowitz, 1996).  Some of the earlier magazines focused on a war-time rebellion of feminism.  Moskowitz (1996) conducted a study about the effects of war-time magazines and said, “Women’s magazines of the Cold War era remain symbols of antifeminism” (p. 66).  Moskowitz (1996) found that many women liked the articles because many magazines discussed important issues to them, such as stress, emotionalism, and feminism (p.66).  Moskowitz (1996) said, “recognition of emotional tension was common for women’s magazines” (p.67).  This recognition “presented a whole new genre of articles that gave housewives the freedom to interpret their own states of mind” (Moskowitz, 1996, p. 74).  This freedom was an important issue of the early thirties and forties.             Today, most women’s magazines focus on five basic concepts: health, career, personal well-being, fashion, and, of course, sex.  Some articles from a recent Cosmopolitan were “Freaky Flow? Your Most Pressing Period Problems Ever,” “Cosmo’s Hot New Sex Position,” and “Ten Hollywood Haircuts to Copy Right Now” (Beland, Gotthardt, & Kemp, 1999, p. 250-278).  Such cover stories would have been shocking in the conservative war era sixty years ago, but are now expected in the liberal nineties.              Only recently have psychologists and women’s studies enthusiasts begun to wonder what effects magazines with such articles may have on women.  McCracken (1993) found that some women enjoy reading these articles because they “like to imagine that they can be like the women in the magazine -- beautiful, successful, etc.” (p. 6).  Other women read beauty magazines simply for entertainment.  One woman stated, “[The articles] are fun to laugh at because they are so far-fetched,” while another said, “I like to look at the fashions even though no one I know dresses like that and I know I never could” (McCracken, 1993, p. 7).  Other women read the magazines because they feel that the advice is helpful and informative (McCracken, 1993, p. 6).  McCracken (1993) stated, “Many readers experience a pseudo sense of community; the advice columns aid them with their problems and help assure them that other women experience similar difficulties (p. 6).             While some women find beauty magazines entertaining and helpful, others find them appalling and degrading.  McCracken (1993) stated, “Disillusionment can occur when the magazine’s ideal world does not correspond to real life” (p.7).  The contents of beauty magazines offend some women because the magazines “encourage insecurities, heighten gender stereotypes, and urge redefining definitions of self-through consumer goods” (McCracken, 1993, p. 9).             Although much research has been done on women’s opinions of beauty magazines, the results have been inconclusive as to whether more women like the magazines and read them regularly or whether more women dislike the magazines and never read them.   In the research reported here, I interviewed young women in order to determine which factors cause the opposing viewpoints of liking or disliking beauty magazines.  I attempted to discover why women chose to read or refused to read these magazines.  I expected to find a higher percentage of women who liked beauty magazines and regularly read them than those who disliked beauty magazines and never read them. Present Study             The next section discusses the present study.  It explains how the sample was chosen, describes the instrument used, and analyzes the results.  This study focused on young women’s opinions of popular women’s magazines and why women liked to read them or refused to read them. SAMPLE             The sample used for this study consisted of twenty young women between the ages of nineteen to twenty-five.  The women interviewed were randomly selected from students attending the University of Minnesota at noon on three separate days: Monday, Tuesday, and Thursday.  The students filled out questionnaires distributed to them while they were engaging in various activities.  The activities they were engaging in were either sitting in Coffman Union, walking on campus, waiting for a bus, studying at a library, eating lunch, playing a sport on the lawn, or waiting for a class.  First, the women were asked if they were between the ages of nineteen to twenty-five.  If they fit the age group, then they were asked to immediately answer a questionnaire and return it to me upon completion.  INSTRUMENT             The instrument used was a questionnaire consisting of six questions.  The six questions focused on how often the women read beauty magazines, what they thought of the contents, on what they thought the magazines should change or increase focus,  how beneficial the magazines were to them, how often they take the advice given in the magazines, and which magazines (if any) was their favorite including the reason why it was their favorite.  The format of the questions consisted of both a nominal scale and an ordinal scale of answers according to their responses.             The following are the questions from the questionnaire administered: QUESTIONNAIRE 1.  How many times per month do you read beauty magazines? 3 or more,  2,  1,  Less than 1,  Never 2.  How do you feel about the contents of beauty magazines? Strongly approve Approve,  Neutral or no opinion,  Disapprove,  Strongly disapprove 3.  Which are do you think beauty magazines should emphasize more? Nothing (magazines put good emphasis on all areas),  Health,  Sex, Career,  Fashion,  Personal well being,  No opinion 4.  How beneficial do you think beauty magazines are? Very beneficial,  Slightly beneficial,  Not at all beneficial, Slightly harmful,  Very harmful,  No opinion 5.  How often do you take the advice or tips given in beauty magazines? Very often, Frequently,  Rarely,  Never,  No opinion 6.  Which beauty magazine is your favorite? Cosmopolitan,  Vogue,  Elle,  Marie Claire,  Glamour,  None Why? _________________________________                   _________________________________ ANALYSIS             In order to determine the results of this study, the answers were tabulated and then statistically computed.  This computation found the relative frequency, or the percentages, of each response to each question.             Here are the relative frequency charts and histograms for each question: 1. Frequency and Relative Frequency of Times Beauty Magazines were read per month:   Frequency Rel. Freq. Never 6 0.30 less than one 0 0.00 1 5 0.25 2 6 0.30 3 or more 3 0.15 Total 20 1.00   2. Frequency and Relative Frequency of Opinion of Contents of Beauty Magazines:   Frequency Rel. Freq. strongly approve 4 0.20 approve 9 0.45 neutral (no opinion) 3 0.15 disapprove 1 0.05 strongly disapprove 3 0.15 Total 20 1.00   3. Frequency and Relative Frequency of Opinion of Contents of Beauty Magazines:   Frequency Rel. Freq. nothing 5 0.25 health 2 0.10 sex 3 0.15 career 2 0.10 fashion 2 0.10 personal well being 3 0.15 neutral (no opinion) 3 0.15 Total 20 1.00   4. Frequency and Relative Frequency of Opinion of Benefit of Magazines:   Frequency Rel. Freq. very beneficial 3 0.15 slightly beneficial 8 0.40 not beneficial 2 0.10 slightly harmful 1 0.05 harmful 3 0.15 neutral (no opinion) 3 0.15 Total 20 1.00   5. Frequency and Relative Frequency of Advice Taken from Magazines:   Frequency Rel. Freq. very frequently 2 0.10 frequently 7 0.35 rarely 4 0.20 never 4 0.20 neutral (no opinion) 3 0.15 Total 20 1.00   6. Frequency and Relative Frequency of Favorite Magazines:   Frequency Rel. Freq. Cosmopolitan 8 0.40 Glamour 4 0.20 Vogue 1 0.05 Marie Claire 1 0.05 Elle 0 0.00 no favorite 3 0.15 don't read beauty mag.s 3 0.15 Total 20 1.00                  The responses to the “Why” portion of question six will not be listed here due to the fact that they are personally written responses. Findings             This section examines and discusses the results to the questionnaire.  In order to effectively understand the information found through the results, this section is broken into six categories in accordance with the six questions from the questionnaire.  These six categories are how frequently the magazines are read by women in this age group, the opinions of the contents of the magazines, the opinions of which areas should be emphasized more by the magazines, how frequently women take advice from the magazines, the opinions of the beneficiallity of magazines, and finally, which magazine was listed as the common favorite and why. FREQUENCY OF READING MAGAZINES             The first area of the results is how frequently the women surveyed read beauty magazines. The results to this area found that most women (55%) read the magazines once or twice a month.  When the results are broken down according to each response they show that 15% of the women interviewed read beauty magazines three times a month or more, 30% read them twice a month, 25% read them once a month, and 00 % read them less than once a month.  30% of women surveyed never read beauty magazines. .OPINIONS OF THE CONTENTS             The second area of the results is the women’s opinions of the contents of beauty magazines.  The results to this area found that most women interviewed (65%) either approved or strongly approved of the contents.  These results broken down show that  20% strongly approved, 45% approved, 15% were neutral or had no opinion, 5% disapproved, and 15% greatly disapproved. AREAS NEEDING MORE EMPHASIS             The third area of results is which areas the women felt needed more emphasis.  Overall, most women (60%) felt that one area needed more emphasis, but the results differed as to which area should be emphasized.  While 25% felt nothing should be changed, 10% felt the magazines should put more emphasis on health, 15% felt the magazines should put more emphasis on sex, 10% felt the magazines should put more emphasis on career, 10% felt the magazines should put more emphasis on fashion, and 15% felt the magazines should put more emphasis on personal well-being.  15% of the women interviewed had no opinion. FREQUENCY OF ADVICE TAKEN             The fourth area of results is how often women take the advice given in beauty magazines.  Most women (45%) frequently or very frequently took advice from beauty magazines.  The results show that 10% of women interviewed take the advice given in magazines very frequently and 35% take it frequently.  However, 20% of women interviewed rarely take the advice given and 20% never take it.  15% of the women interviewed were neutral or had no opinion. BENEFIT             The fifth area of results is how beneficial women interviewed felt beauty magazines are.  While most women (55%) felt the magazines are either very beneficial (10%) or slightly beneficial (40%), other women felt the magazines are at least slightly harmful (5%) or harmful (15%).  In this area of results, 15% of women interviewed were neutral or had no opinion. FAVORITE MAGAZINE             The final area of results to this study is which magazine women choose as their favorite and why.  Most women interviewed choose Cosmopolitan as their favorite (40%) with Glamour  a distant second (20%).  Both Vogue  and Marie Claire  received 5% of the votes each, and no one choose Elle  as their favorite.  15% of the women interviewed did not have a favorite beauty magazine and 15% did not read beauty magazines. Summarized Conclusions             This section provides a summary of the results found with final conclusions about these results. The findings of this study show that most women (70%) read beauty magazines often (once a month or more) and were supportive of the contents of the magazines (65%).  Most women (60%) felt the magazine should put more emphasis on one certain area, but differed as to which area.  Only (25%) felt the magazines had a good balance of topic emphasis.  The reason most women gave for choosing Cosmopolitan  as their favorite was because it was “very hip” and “not afraid to discuss important topics to women.”  Also, most women (55%) felt that the magazines were helpful to their daily life and frequently used the advice found in the magazines (45%).             The results to this study lead to the conclusion that, despite the fact that beauty magazines may seem frivolous to some, young women of today use them as types of survival guides.  Women  look to them for advice in their careers, health, personal well-being, fashion styles, and sex-lives. Examining these results shows that women consider beauty magazines as they would consider a  friend; they go to them for advice, new ideas, and health tips.              These results can be  interpreted in two ways.  The first interpretation is that the magazines are a benefit to women because they give them guidance and allow them to feel more secure in their lives.  The second interpretation is that women are so concerned with what is in “vogue” that they feel they need to consult a magazine to guide them.  This poses an interesting question that will lead to another survey to determine how dependent women are upon these magazines.             This survey interview asked young women about their opinions towards beauty magazines.  The purpose of this study was to determine why women like or dislike beauty magazines and how frequently women read beauty magazines.  The results to this study supported the original hypothesis that a higher percentage of women like beauty magazines and read regularly read them than the percentage of women that disliked the magazines and refused to read them.  The results lead to the interpretation that beauty magazines are well liked among women in the age group of nineteen to twenty-five because they contain many topics found interesting by these women and because they offer beneficial advice and tips. ----- References Beland, N. (1999). Ten Hollywood haircuts to copy right now. Cosmopolitan, 226(4), 242-244. Gotthardt, M. (199). Killer cramps?  Freaky flow? Cosmopolitan, 226(4), 250-254. Klemp, K. (1999). Introducing Cosmo’s hot new sex position. Cosmopolitan, 226(4), 208-212. McCracken, E. (1993). Decoding women’s magazines from Mademoiselle to Ms. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Moskowitz, E. (1996). It’s good to blow your top. Journal of Women’s History, 8(3), 66-77. ----- Additional Sources Barell, J. (1988). The business of women’s magazines. London: Kogan Page. Berns, N. (1999). My problem and how I solved it: Domestic Violence in Women's Magazines. Sociology Quarterly, 40(1), 85-105. Cancian, F. (1998). Changing emotions norms in marriage: Love and anger in US women's magazines. Gender and Society 2)3), 308-342. Clark, R. (1987). Changing perceptions in sex and sexuality in traditional women’s magazines. New York : Greenwood Press. Demarest, J. (1992). The representation of women's roles in women's magazines over the past   thirty years. Journal of Psychology 126(4), 357-368. Dworkin, S. (1987). Comparison of interventions for women experiencing body image problems. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37(2), 185-190. Endres, K. (1995). Women’s periodicals in the United States . New York: Greenwood Press. Etraugh, C. (1996). Changing attitudes about maternal employment in women's magazines. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 11(2), 207-218. Ferguson , M. (1983). Forever feminine. London: Heinemann. Gelber, K. (1995). Sexuality: Sexism in women’s magazines. Women for Reproductive Rights, 50, 29-56. Henry, S. (1994). Juggling the frying pan and the fire. Social Science Journal, 21, 87-108. Hermes, J. (1995). Reading women’s magazines. Cambridge , MA: Polity Press. Higginbotham, A. (1996). Teen mags: How to get a guy, drop pounds, and lose your self-esteem. New York: Greenwood Press. Humphreys, N. (1989). American women’s magazines. New York: Garland . Inge, T. (1989). Handbook of American popular culture. New York: Greenwood Press. Kaiser, K. (1989). The new women’s magazines. Cambridge , MA: Polity Press. Klassen, M. (1993). Men and women: Images of their relationships in magazine advertisements. Journal of Advertising Research, 33(2), 30-39. Lawrence, K. (1998). Men and women: attitudes toward and experiences with women's magazines. Journal of Sex Research, 24(1), 161-169. Marek, J. (1995). Women editing modernism. Lexington , KY: University Press of  Kentucky . Meyerowitz, J. (1996). Women, cheesecake, and borderline material. Journal of Women’s History, 8(3), 26-35. Miller, C. (1987). Who talks like a women’s magazine? Journal of American Culture, 10, 1-9. Nemeroff, C. (1994). From the Cleavers to the Clintons: Role choices and body criterion as reflected in magazines content. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16(2), 167-176. Pinhas, L. (1999). The effects of the ideal female beauty on mood and body satisfaction. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 25(2), 223-226. Plous, S. (1997). Racial and gender biases in magazine advertising. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(4), 627-644. Prusank, D. (1993). Interpersonal relationship in women's magazines. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 10(3), 307-320. Scanlon, J. (1995). Intricate Longings. New York: Routledge. Snow, J. (1986). An analysis of weight and diet content in five women’s magazines. Journal of Obesity and Weight Regulation, 5(4), 194-214. Waldman, S. (1992). Treatment of birth control in selected women’s magazines. London: Kogan Page. Winship, J. (1987). Inside women’s magazines. London: Pandora. Wiseman, M. (1992). Cultural expectations of thinness of women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 11(1) 85-89. Zuckerman, M. (1998). A history of popular women’s magazines in the United States. Westport , CN: Greenwood Press. --- Return to top.